P. Green, Alexander to Actium ch. 19.

E.S. Gruen, “Greeks and Non-Greeks”, in G.R. Bugh, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World.

N.G.L. Hammond, “Royal Pages, Personal Pages, and Boys trained in the Macedonian Manner during the period of the Temenid Monarchy”, Historia, vol. 39, 1990, pp. 261-290

A. Kuhrt & S. Sherwin-White, Hellenism in the Greek East: the interaction of Greek and non-Greek civilisations from Syria to Central Asia after Alexander (London, 1987).

H.I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity

F.E. Peters, The Harvest of Hellenism, ch. 5, ch. 7.

A.E. Samuel, From Athens to Alexandria: Hellenism and Social Goals in Ptolemaic Egypt (Louvain, 1983).

D.J. Thompson, “Literacy and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt”, in A.K. Bowman & G. Woolf, eds., Literacy and Power in the Ancient World, pp. 67-83, esp. 75ff.

D.J. Thompson, “Conquest and Literacy: the Case of Ptolemaic Egypt”, in D. Keller-Cohen, ed., Literacy: Interdisciplinary Conversations, New Jersey, 1994, pp. 71-89.

On the evolutionary metaphor, see W.G. Runciman, “Doomed to Extinction: the Polis as an Evolutionary Dead-End”, in The Greek City from Homer to Alexander, ed. O. Murray & S.R.F. Price (Oxford, 1990), pp. 347-367, and J. Fracchia & R.C. Lewontin, “Does Culture Evolve?”, History and Theory, 1999, vol. 38 no. 4, p. 52ff.

Ancient Authors:

1 & 2 Maccabees

Plutarch, On the Fortune of Alexander 328b

Gymnasia

Ephebeia / ephebe

hairesis

Periodos

Stathmos

thiasoi

oikoumene

nomoi politikoi

nomos enchorios

nomos empsychos