People & Places

• Ptolemy Philometor
• Ptolemy Physcon
• Cyrene.
• Lysias
• Alcimus
• Judas Maccabeus
• Jonathon
• Bacchides
• the Acra
• Demetrius
• Alexander Balas
• Demetrius (II Soter)
• Antiochus VI
• Scipio Aemilianus
• Antiochus VII Sidetes
• John Hyrcanus 134-104
• Pharisees
• Sadducees
• Samaria
• Idumea = Edom
• Galilee
• Judah/Aristobulus 104-103: Aristobulos 1, King of Judah.
• Alexander Jannaeus, 103-76
• Sanhedrin = synedrion
• Ptolemy XI c. 80 BC
• Cleopatra Berenike
• Salome Alexandra
• Hyrcanus II
• Antipater of Idumea
• Pompeius Magnus
• Mithridates of Pontus
• Scaurus
• Hyrcanus & Aristobulos.
• the Nabateans of Petra
• Phasael
• Herod
• Philippi
• Marcus Antonius
• Mariamme
• Octavius Caesar

167-166: Maccabean risings begin.

165: Antiochus' eastern campaigns. Lysias enforces the reforms. He attempts a compromise, but the Maccabean capture of most of Jerusalem makes the revolt irrevocable.

164: Maccabeans recapture and rededicate the Temple. Antiochus, under Roman pressure, rescinds his religious reforms.

163: Antiochus dies in Babylon.

161: Formal Maccabean treaty with Rome.

160: Death of Judas Maccabeus. Jonathon his brother leads the rebels in a period of weakness.

152: Seleucid dynastic feuds strengthen Jonathon's position.

142: Under Simon the Maccabean state's independence is formally recognised by King Demetrius.

140: Simon is acclaimed "Commander in Chief, Ethnarch and High Priest for ever".

134-104: John Hyrcanus. In 133 He is forced to terms but soon re-establishes independence. His great period follows.

104-103: Aristobulus 1, King of Judah.

103-76: Alexander Jannaeus. His reign includes a civil war, and is later remembered by the Pharisees as a time of persecution.

76-67: Salome Alexandra Queen, Hyrcanus II High Priest. Pharisaic tradition remembers a "Golden Age". Antipater of Idumea first enters public life at about this time.

66: Pompeius Magnus receives command against King Mithridates of Pontus in Rome.

63: Pompeius besieges and captures Jerusalem. Hyrcanus is confirmed as High Priest, and given some civil power, but is made subject to the Roman governor of Damascus. The next few years see several revolts.

56: First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus in Rome.

53: Death of Crassus in battle against the Parthians. Subsequent revolts controlled.

49: Civil War between Caesar and Pompey.

48: Victory of Caesar and death of Pompey. Antipater gains Caesar's favour, and in 47 helps him in Alexandria. He is made procurator of Judaea. Phasael and Herod military Tribunes of Judaea and Galilee.

46: Herod appointed military governor of Syria.

44: Assassination of Caesar.

43: Death of Antipater.

42: Battle of Philippi. Marcus Antonius rules the Roman east.

41: Phasael and Herod joint Tetrarchs of Judaea.

40: Parthian invasion. Antigonus High Priest and King till 37. Herod, in Rome, is declared King of Judaea. He captures Jerusalem in 37.

31: After years of growing tension and war, Octavius Caesar defeats Antonius and Cleopatra at Actium. Long-term peace ensues.

19: Herod's reconstruction of the Temple begins.

4: Death of Herod. Archelaus Ethnarch of Judaea till 6 A.D. Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea till 39 A.D.